24The Court has consistently held in this regard that the provisions of Article 25 of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be strictly interpreted in so far as they exclude both jurisdiction as determined by the general principle of the defendant’s courts laid down in Article 4 thereof and the special jurisdictions provided for in Articles 7 to 9 thereof (see, to that effect, judgment of 28 June 2017, Leventis and Vafeias, C‑436/16, EU:C:2017:497, paragraph 39 and the case-law cited).
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