69It should be stated, in the second place, that neither Framework Decision 2002/584 nor Framework Decision 2008/909 has direct effect. That is because those framework decisions were adopted on the basis of the former third pillar of the European Union, in particular, under Article 34(2)(b) EU. That provision stated, first, that framework decisions are binding on the Member States as to the result to be achieved, but leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods, and, second, that framework decisions are not to entail direct effect (judgments of 8 November 2016, Ognyanov, C‑554/14, EU:C:2016:835, paragraph 56, and of 29 June 2017, Popławski, C‑579/15, EU:C:2017:503, paragraph 26).
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