Judgment_paragraph 147 · Appeals – Actions for damages – Second paragraph of Article 340 TFEU – Excessive length of the proceedings in a case before the General Court of the European Union – Compensation for the damage allegedly sustained by the applicant – Concept of a ‘single undertaking’ not applied – Material damage – Bank guarantee costs – Causal link – Loss of profit – Non-pecuniary damage – Liability of the European Union for damage caused by infringements of EU law arising from a decision of the General Court – No incurring of liability (C-447/17 P, C-479/17 P)

147In accordance with settled case-law, the European Union may incur non-contractual liability under the second paragraph of Article 340 TFEU only if a number of conditions are fulfilled, namely the unlawfulness of the conduct alleged against the EU institution, the fact of damage and the existence of a causal link between the conduct of that institution and the damage complained of (judgment of 20 September 2016, Ledra Advertising and Others v Commission and ECB, C‑8/15 P to C‑10/15 P, EU:C:2016:701, paragraph 64 and the case-law cited).