53Moreover, the principle that offences and penalties must be defined by law forms part of the constitutional traditions common to the Member States (see, with reference to the principle of non-retroactivity of the criminal law, judgments of 13 November 1990, Fedesa and Others, C‑331/88, EU:C:1990:391, paragraph 42, and of 7 January 2004, X, C‑60/02, EU:C:2004:10, paragraph 63) and has been enshrined in various international treaties, in particular in Article 7(1) of the ECHR (see, to that effect, judgment of 3 May 2007, Advocaten voor de Wereld, C‑303/05, EU:C:2007:261, paragraph 49).
Source: EUR-Lex, © European Union, 1998-2026. Reuse authorised under Decision 2011/833/EU.