37As regards the notion of ‘restrictions which exist on 31 December 1993’ in Article 64(1) TFEU, it should be borne in mind that any national provision adopted after that date is not, by that fact alone, automatically excluded from the derogation provided for in that provision. The Court has accepted that restrictions laid down in provisions adopted after that date which, in essence, are identical to previous legislation or which are limited to reducing or eliminating an obstacle to the exercise of rights and freedoms of movement in that legislation can be treated as equivalent to such restrictions ‘which exist’ (see, to that effect, judgments of 12 December 2006, Test Claimants in the FII Group Litigation, C‑446/04, EU:C:2006:774, paragraphs 189 and 192; of 24 May 2007, Holböck, C‑157/05, EU:C:2007:297, paragraph 41; and of 18 December 2007, A, C‑101/05, EU:C:2007:804, paragraph 49).
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