149It should be borne in mind as a preliminary point that the rights of the defence, as henceforth enshrined in Article 41 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, and which, according to the Courts of the European Union, is of general application (judgment of 11 September 2013, L v Parliament, T‑317/10 P, EU:T:2013:413, paragraph 81), include, while being more extensive, the procedural right provided for in paragraph 2(a) of that article, of every person to be heard, before any individual measure which would affect him or her adversely is taken (judgment of 5 February 2016, GV v EEAS, F‑137/14, EU:F:2016:14, paragraph 71).