58As the Court has already held, integration, which is a precondition of the acquisition of the right of permanent residence laid down in Article 16(1) of Directive 2004/38, is based not only on territorial and temporal factors but also on qualitative elements, relating to the level of integration in the host Member State (judgment of 16 January 2014, Onuekwere, C‑378/12, EU:C:2014:13, paragraph 25 and the case-law cited).
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