57In the second place, it must also be noted that, as recital 17 in the preamble to Directive 2004/38 states, the right of permanent residence is a key element in promoting social cohesion and was provided for by that directive in order to strengthen the feeling of Union citizenship. The EU legislature accordingly made the acquisition of the right of permanent residence pursuant to Article 16(1) of Directive 2004/38 subject to the integration of the citizen of the Union in the host Member State (judgment of 16 January 2014, Onuekwere, C‑378/12, EU:C:2014:13, paragraph 24 and the case-law cited).
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