243According to settled case-law, in order for the European Union to incur non-contractual liability, within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article 340 TFEU, on account of the unlawful conduct of its institutions, a number of requirements must be satisfied, namely that the conduct alleged against the institutions is unlawful, that the damage is real and that there is a causal link between the conduct alleged and the damage relied upon (judgment of 28 April 1971, Lütticke v Commission, 4/69, EU:C:1971:40, paragraph 10; see, also, judgments of 9 September 2008, FIAMM and Others v Council and Commission, C‑120/06 P and C‑121/06 P, EU:C:2008:476, paragraph 106 and the case-law cited, and of 18 March 2010, Trubowest Handel and Makarov v Council and Commission, C‑419/08 P, EU:C:2010:147, paragraph 40 and the case-law cited).