50In order to answer those questions, it must be noted that Article 325(1) TFEU requires the Member States to counter fraud and any other illegal activity affecting the financial interests of the Union through effective and deterrent measures (see, to that effect, judgments of 8 September 2015, Taricco and Others, C‑105/14, EU:C:2015:555, paragraph 37, and of 5 December 2017, M.A.S. and M.B., C‑42/17, EU:C:2017:936, paragraph 30).
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