42In that context, the Court has held that the severity of penalties must be commensurate with the seriousness of the infringements for which they are imposed, in particular by ensuring a genuinely deterrent effect, while respecting the general principle of proportionality (judgment of 19 October 2016, EL-EM-2001, C‑501/14, EU:C:2016:777, paragraph 40).
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