33Moreover, under Article 3(3a) of the Framework Directive, without prejudice to cases in which consultation and cooperation with other national authorities is required under Article 3(4) and (5), NRAs responsible for ex-ante market regulation or for resolution of disputes between undertakings must act independently and cannot seek or take instructions from any other body in relation to the exercise of the tasks assigned to them. Article 3(3a) also requires Member States to ensure that such NRAs have separate annual budgets, which are made public, and that NRAs have adequate financial and human resources to enable them to actively participate in and contribute to the BEREC.
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