389Furthermore, the mere fact that, at the time when an infringement is committed, the Courts of the European Union have not yet had the opportunity to rule specifically on particular conduct does not preclude, as such, the possibility that an undertaking may have to expect its conduct to be declared incompatible with the EU competition rules (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 October 2015, AC‑Treuhand v Commission, C‑194/14 P, EU:C:2015:717, paragraph 43).