99Lastly, as the Commission has argued, regard must be had to the large number of judgments, referred to in paragraph 93 above, which have established failures by the Portuguese Republic to fulfil its obligations in relation to the treatment of urban waste water. Repetition of unlawful conduct by a Member State is all the more unacceptable where it takes place in a sector in which the effects on human health and the environment are particularly significant. In that regard, as the Advocate General observed in point 89 of her Opinion, where a Member State repeatedly engages in unlawful conduct in a specific sector, this may be an indication that effective prevention of future repetition of similar infringements of EU law may require the adoption of a dissuasive measure, such as a lump sum payment (see, to that effect, judgment of 19 December 2012 in Commission v Ireland, C‑279/11, EU:C:2012:834, paragraph 70).
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