93In the present case, all of the factual and legal elements which have led to the establishment of the infringement under consideration, in particular, the fact that other judgments, namely the judgments delivered on 8 May 2008 in Commission v Portugal (C‑233/07, EU:C:2008:271), 8 September 2011 in Commission v Portugal (C‑220/10, EU:C:2011:558) and 28 January 2016 in Commission v Portugal (C‑398/14, EU:C:2016:61), establishing the failure of the Portuguese Republic to fulfil its obligations concerning the treatment of urban waste water, indicate that effective prevention of future repetition of similar infringements of EU law may require the adoption of a dissuasive measure, such as an order to make a lump sum payment (see, by analogy, judgment of 15 October 2015 in Commission v Greece, C‑167/14, EU:C:2015:684, paragraph 74).
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