49First of all, it should be recalled that the principles of the protection of legitimate expectations and of legal certainty form part of the EU legal order. They must accordingly be observed not only by the EU institutions, but also by the Member States when they exercise the powers conferred on them by EU directives (judgment of 29 April 2004 in Gemeente Leusden and Holin Groep, C‑487/01 and C‑7/02, EU:C:2004:263, paragraph 57).
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