30According to settled case-law of the Court, the principles of legal certainty and of the protection of legitimate expectations must be observed not only by the EU institutions, but also by Member States in the exercise of the powers conferred on them under EU directives (see, to that effect, inter alia, judgments in Gemeente Leusden and Holin Groep, C‑487/01 and C‑7/02, EU:C:2004:263, paragraph 57; in ‘Goed Wonen’, C‑376/02, EU:C:2005:251, paragraph 32; and in Elmeka NE, C‑181/04 to C‑183/04, EU:C:2006:563, paragraph 31).
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