22It should be borne in mind that, according to settled case-law, the principle of proportionality, which is among the general principles of EU law, requires measures adopted by EU institutions not to exceed the limits of what is appropriate and necessary in order for the desired objective to be attained. However, when there is a choice between several appropriate measures, recourse must be had to the least onerous, and the disadvantages caused must not be disproportionate to the aims pursued (see, to that effect, judgments of 13 November 1990 in Fedesa and Others, C‑331/88, ECR, EU:C:1990:391, paragraph 13, and of 14 July 2005 in Netherlands v Commission, C‑180/00, ECR, EU:C:2005:451, paragraph 103).
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