23Furthermore, the Court has consistently held that the rules regarding equal treatment prohibit not only overt discrimination by reason of nationality but also all covert forms of discrimination which, by the application of other criteria of differentiation, such as the residence criterion, lead in fact to the same result (judgments in Sotgiu, 152/73, EU:C:1974:13, paragraph 11, and in Schumacker, EU:C:1995:31, paragraph 26).
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