19In order to answer that question, it should be borne in mind, first, that, according to settled case-law, the provisions of Regulation No 44/2001 must be interpreted independently, by reference to its scheme and purpose (see, inter alia, Case C-189/08 Zuid-Chemie [2009] ECR I-6917, paragraph 17, and Case C‑170/12 Pinckney [2013] ECR, paragraph 23).
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