73It may also be pointed out that the imposition of penalties, including criminal penalties, may be considered to be necessary in order to ensure compliance with national rules, subject, however, to the condition that the nature and amount of the penalty imposed is in each individual case proportionate to the gravity of the infringement which it is designed to penalise (see, to that effect, judgments in Louloudakis, C‑262/99, EU:C:2001:407, paragraphs 69 and 70, and in Commission v Greece, C‑156/04, EU:C:2007:316, paragraph 72).
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