48It should be recalled in that connection that, under the second paragraph of Article 288 TFEU, regulations are of general application, they are binding in their entirety and they are directly applicable in all Member States. Accordingly, owing to their very nature and their place in the system of sources of EU law, regulations operate to confer rights on individuals which the national courts have a duty to protect (Case 34/73 Variola [1973] ECR 981, paragraph 8; Case C-253/00 Muñoz and Superior Fruiticola [2002] ECR I-7289, paragraph 27; and Joined Cases C-4/10 and C-27/10 Bureau national interprofessionnel du Cognac [2011] ECR I-6131, paragraph 40).
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