30According to settled case-law, the rules regarding equal treatment forbid not only overt discrimination based on the location of the registered offices of companies, but also all covert forms of discrimination which, by the application of other criteria of differentiation, lead in fact to the same result (see, by analogy, inter alia, Case C-279/93 Schumacker [1995] ECR I-225, paragraph 26; Case C-383/05 Talotta [2007] ECR I-2555, paragraph 17; and Case C-440/08 Gielen [2010] ECR I-2323, paragraph 37).
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