102A judgment by which a measure is annulled necessarily has retroactive effect, as the finding of illegality takes effect from the date on which the annulled measure entered into force (Asteris and Others v Commission, paragraph 56 above, EU:C:1988:199, paragraph 30; see also, to this effect, CELF and Ministre de la Culture et de la Communication, C‑199/06, ECR, EU:C:2008:79, paragraph 61). However, this should be distinguished from the retroactive character of a new decision taken by the administration to replace the annulled act. According to case-law, the principle of legal certainty, which constitutes a general principle of Union law (Portelange, 10/69, ECR, EU:C:1969:36), precludes, as a general rule, a measure from taking effect from a point in time before its publication. According to settled case-law, however, it may exceptionally be otherwise where the purpose to be achieved so demands and where the legitimate expectations of those concerned are duly respected (Racke, 98/78, ECR, EU:C:1979:14, paragraph 20; Amylum v Council, 108/81, ECR, EU:C:1982:322, paragraph 4; and Fédesa and Others, paragraph 58 above, EU:C:1990:391, paragraph 45).
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