175It is appropriate to bear in mind, in that regard, that, according to settled case-law, respect for the rights of the defence, especially the right to be heard, in all proceedings initiated against a person which may lead to a measure adversely affecting him, is a fundamental principle of EU law which must be guaranteed, even when there are no rules governing the procedure in question (Case C-344/05 PCommission v De Bry [2006] ECR I-10915, paragraph 37, and Case T-390/08Bank Melli Iran v Council [2009] ECR II-3967, paragraph 91). That principle, moreover, has been enshrined in Article 41(2)(a) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights.