62It is necessary to draw attention to settled case-law according to which, as is confirmed by Articles 41, 47 and 48 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the rights of the defence, which include the right to be heard, occupy extensive space and have broad scope in the legal order of the European Union, and those rights must apply in all proceedings which are liable to culminate in a measure adversely affecting a person. Moreover, that provision applies even where the applicable legislation does not expressly provide for such a procedural requirement. The right to be heard guarantees every person the opportunity to make known his views effectively during an administrative procedure and before the adoption of any decision liable to affect his interests adversely (see, to that effect, Case C-277/11M.M. [2012] ECR, paragraphs 81 to 87 and the case-law cited; see also Case C-135/92Fiskano v Commission [1994] ECR I-2885, paragraphs 39 and 40; Case C-32/95 PCommission v Lisrestal and Others [1996] ECR I-5373, paragraph 21, and Case C-287/02Spain v Commission [2005] ECR I-5093, paragraph 37). Therefore, in the light of its character as a fundamental general principle of EU law, the application of the principle of the rights of the defence cannot be excluded or restricted by any legislative provision. Respect for that principle must therefore be ensured both where there is no specific legislation and also where legislation exists which does not itself take account of that principle (see, to that effect, Case T-260/94Air Inter v Commission [1997] ECR II-997, paragraph 60).