31That criterion corresponds to the idea on which the system of protection implemented by the directive is based, namely that the consumer is in a weak position vis-à-vis the seller or supplier, as regards both his bargaining power and his level of knowledge. This leads to the consumer agreeing to terms drawn up in advance by the seller or supplier without being able to influence the content of those terms (see, inter alia, Case C-618/10 Banco Español de Crédito [2012] ECR, paragraph 39, and Case C-472/11 Banif Plus Bank [2013] ECR, paragraph 19).
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