38Finally, the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive sets out, in Annex I, an exhaustive list of 31 commercial practices which, in accordance with Article 5(5) of that directive, are to be regarded as unfair ‘in all circumstances’. Consequently, as recital 17 in the preamble to the directive expressly states, those commercial practices alone can be deemed to be unfair without a case-by-case assessment against the provisions of Articles 5 to 9 of the directive (VTB-VAB and Galatea, paragraph 56; Plus Warenhandelsgesellschaft, paragraph 45; and Mediaprint Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenverlag, paragraph 34).
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