25First of all, it must be recalled that the concepts used in Regulation No 44/2001, in particular those which appear in Article 15(1) of the regulation, must be interpreted independently, by reference principally to the general scheme and objectives of the regulation, in order to ensure that it is applied uniformly in all the Member States (see, to that effect, Case C-27/02 Engler [2005] ECR I-481, paragraph 33; Joined Cases C-585/08 and C-144/09 Pammer and Hotel Alpenhof [2010] ECR I-12527, paragraph 55, and Case C-190/11 Mühlleitner [2012] ECR, paragraph 28).
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