38In that regard, it should be recalled, as a preliminary point, that, according to settled case-law, in order to determine whether a body making a reference is a court or tribunal for the purposes of Article 267 TFEU, which is a question governed by EU law alone, the Court takes account of a number of factors, such as whether the body is established by law, whether it is permanent, whether its jurisdiction is compulsory, whether its procedure is inter partes, whether it applies rules of law and whether it is independent (see, in particular, Case C-196/09 Miles and Others [2011] ECR I-5105, paragraph 37 and the case-law cited).
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