83In this regard, it must be borne in mind that, according to settled case-law of the Court, in order to determine whether a body making a reference is ‘a court or tribunal’ for the purposes of Article 267 TFEU, which is a question governed by European Union law alone, the Court takes account of a number of factors, such as whether the body is established by law, whether it is permanent, whether its jurisdiction is compulsory, whether its procedure is inter partes, whether it applies rules of law and whether it is independent (see, inter alia, Case C-53/03 Syfait and Others [2005] ECR I-4609, paragraph 29; Case C-517/09 RTL Belgium [2010] ECR I-14093, paragraph 36; and Case C-196/09 Miles and Others [2011] ECR I-5105, paragraph 37).
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