30Freedom of establishment, which Article 49 TFEU grants to nationals of the European Union, includes, in accordance with Article 54 TFEU, for companies formed pursuant to the law of a Member State and having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the European Union, the right to exercise their activity in the Member State concerned through a subsidiary, a branch or an agency (see, inter alia, Case C-307/97 Saint-Gobain ZN [1999] ECR I-6161, paragraph 35, and Case C-337/08 X Holding [2010] ECR I-1215, paragraph 17).
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