35According to the Court’s case-law, for there to be establishment within the meaning of the Treaty, a commercial relationship entered into by an operator established in a Member State with operators or intermediaries established in the host Member State must make it possible for the operator to participate, on a stable and continuous basis, in the economic life of the host Member State, and must thus be such as to enable customers to take advantage of the services offered through a permanent presence in the host Member State, which may be done by means merely of an office managed by a person who is independent but authorised to act on a permanent basis for the operator, as would be the case with an agency (see, to that effect, Joined Cases C-316/07, C-358/07 to C-360/07, C-409/07 and C-410/07 Stoß and Others [2010] ECR I-8069, paragraphs 59 and 60).
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