253According to points 9 to 11 of the Guidelines, the setting of fines is done in two steps. First, in accordance with points 12 to 26 of the Guidelines, the Commission must determine a basic amount of the fine, which is set on the basis of a percentage of the value of sales by the undertakings concerned multiplied by the number of years of their participation in the cartel, to which is added a sum corresponding to a percentage of the value of those sales in order to deter them from participating in cartels. Second, in accordance with points 27 to 29 of the Guidelines, the Commission may take into account circumstances that result in a reduction or an increase in the amount of the fine. Point 28 of the Guidelines states, in particular, that, in substance, repeated infringement may result in an increase of 100 % of the basic amount of the fine for each infringement of the same or similar type previously found. Furthermore, points 30 and 31 of the Guidelines provide, in certain circumstances, for an additional increase in the amount of the fine. In particular, according to point 30 of the Guidelines, ‘[t]he Commission will pay particular attention to the need to ensure that fines have a sufficiently deterrent effect’ and ‘to that end, it may increase the fine to be imposed on undertakings which have a particularly large turnover beyond the sales of goods or services to which the infringement relates’. In that regard, it should be borne in mind that this Court has held that, in so far as an undertaking whose worldwide turnover is much higher than that of the other members of the cartel is more readily able to raise the necessary funds to pay its fine, the Commission is entitled to increase the fine on that basis in order to ensure that it has a sufficiently deterrent effect on that undertaking (see, to that effect, Joined Cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T-244/01 to T-246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01Tokai Carbon and Others v Commission [2004] ECR II-1181, paragraph 241).