37It should be noted that Article 12 EC is intended to apply independently only to situations governed by EU law for which the Treaty lays down no specific prohibition of discrimination. In the field of freedom of establishment, the principle of the prohibition of discrimination is given specific expression in Article 43 EC (see, in particular, to that effect, Case C-193/94 Skanavi and Chryssanthakopoulos [1996] ECR I-929, paragraphs 20 and 21; Case C-251/98 Baars [2000] ECR I-2787, paragraphs 23 and 24; and Case C-105/07 Lammers & Van Cleeff [2008] ECR I-173, paragraph 14).
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