29In that regard, it has already been held that, for the purposes of that latter provision, the essential characteristic of remuneration lies in the fact that it constitutes consideration for the service in question (see, inter alia, Case 263/86 Humbel [1988] ECR 5365, paragraph 17; Case C-422/01 Skandia and Ramstedt [2003] ECR I-6817, paragraph 23; Case C-76/05 Schwarz and Gootjes-Schwarz [2007] ECR I-6849, paragraph 38; and Case C-318/05 Commission v Germany [2007] ECR I-957, paragraph 67).
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