27As regards Articles 23 EC and 25 EC, it is settled case-law that any pecuniary charge, however small and whatever its designation and mode of application, which is imposed unilaterally on goods by reason of the fact that they cross a frontier, and which is not a customs duty in the strict sense, constitutes a charge having equivalent effect within the meaning of Articles 23 EC and 25 EC (see, in particular, Haahr Petroleum, paragraph 20; Case C-213/96 Outokumpu [1998] ECR I-1777, paragraph 20; Weigel, paragraph 64, and Air Liquide Industries Belgium, paragraph 51).
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