24It must be borne in mind, as a preliminary issue, that in Showa Denko v Commission and SGL Carbon v Commission the Court has already considered whether the principle non bis in idem, which is enshrined in Article 4 of Protocol No 7 to the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, may be applied to situations in which the authorities of a non-member State have taken action under their power to impose penalties in the sphere of competition law applicable on the territory of that State.
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