22As regards the question whether such a duty is a charge having equivalent effect, it is settled case-law that any pecuniary charge, whatever its designation and mode of application, which is imposed unilaterally on goods by reason of the fact that they cross a frontier, and which is not a customs duty in the strict sense, constitutes a charge having equivalent effect within the meaning of Articles 23 EC and 25 EC (see, inter alia, Case C-90/94 Haahr Petroleum [1997] ECR I-4085, paragraph 20; Case C-213/96 Outokumpu [1998] ECR I-1777, paragraph 20; and Joined Cases C-290/05 and C-333/05 Nádasdi and Németh [2006] ECR I-10115, paragraph 39).
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