39It is established that national legislation such as that in this case which places at a disadvantage certain of its nationals simply because they have exercised their freedom to move and to reside in another Member State is a restriction on the freedoms conferred by Article 18 EC on every citizen of the Union (see, to that effect, Case C-224/98 D'Hoop [2002] ECR I-6191, paragraph 31, and Case C-224/02 Pusa [2004] ECR I-5763, paragraph 19).
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