Contents
Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber)3 March 2005noteIn Case C-499/03 P,APPEAL under Article 56 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, brought on 25 November 2003,Peter Biegi Nahrungsmittel GmbH, established in Frankfurt am Main (Germany),Commonfood Handelsgesellschaft für Agrar-Produkte mbH, established in Langen (Germany),Commission of the European Communities, represented by X. Lewis and J. Schieferer, acting as Agents, with an address for service in Luxembourg,THE COURT (Sixth Chamber),composed of A. Borg Barthet, President of the Chamber, J.-P. Puissochet and J. Malenovský (Rapporteur), Judges,Advocate General: L.A. Geelhoed,Registrar: R. Grass,having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 16 September 2004,after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 14 October 2004,gives the following
Judgment
1By their appeal Peter Biegi Nahrungsmittel GmbH and Commonfood Handelsgesellschaft für Agrar-Produkte mbH (‘Biegi’ and ‘Commonfood’, referred to together as ‘the appellants’) request the Court to set aside the judgment of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities of 17 September 2003 in Joined Cases T-309/01 and T-239/02 Biegi Nahrungsmittel and Commonfood v Commission [2003] ECR II-3142 (‘the judgment under appeal’), by which that Court, first, dismissed Biegi's application for partial annulment of Commission Decision C (2001) 2533 of 14 August 2001 (REC 4/00) finding it appropriate to make subsequent entry in the accounts of the import duties not charged in respect of the importation of poultrymeat from Thailand during the periods from 13 to 18 July and 4 to 22 September 1995 and, second, dismissed Commonfood's application for annulment of Commission Decision C(2002) 857 of 5 March 2002 (REC 4/01) finding it appropriate to make subsequent entry in the accounts of the import duties not charged in respect of the importation of poultrymeat from Thailand on 24 July 1995 (‘the contested decisions’).
Legal context
2The Court of First Instance stated in paragraph 1 of the judgment under appeal:1 Article 3 of Council Regulation (EC) No 774/94 of 29 March 1994 opening and providing for the administration of certain Community tariff quotas for high quality beef, and for pigmeat, poultrymeat, wheat and mesiin, and brans, sharps and other residues (OJ 1994 L 91, p. 1) opened, as from [1 January 1994], a Community tariff quota of an annual total volume of [15500] tonnes for poultrymeat falling within CN codes 02074110, 02074141 and 02074171. Within that quota volume, the relevant duty under the Common Customs Tariff was fixed at 0%. That same annual Community quota volume at zero duty was maintained by Article 1 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2198/95 of 18 September 1995, amending Regulation No 774/94 (OJ 1995 L 221, p. 3), which applied, in accordance with Article 2 thereof, as from 1 July 1995.’
3Article 1 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1431/94 of 22 June 1994 laying down detailed rules for the application in the poultrymeat sector of the import arrangements provided for in Regulation (EC) No 774/94 (OJ 1994 L 156, p. 9), which, in accordance with Article 8, entered into force on 26 June 1994, reads:‘All imports into the Community under the tariff quotas opened in Articles 3 and 4 of Regulation ... No 774/94 of products in the groups referred to in Annex I to this Regulation shall be subject to the presentation of an import licence.The quantities of products to which these arrangements apply and the rate of reduction in the levy shall be those listed for each group in Annex I.’
4In Annex I to Regulation No 1431/94, a rate of levy of 0% was applied in respect of up to 5100 tonnes per annum of chicken meat under CN codes 02074110, 02074141 and 02074171 coming from Thailand (Group 2). The same rate of levy was applied to an annual quantity of 7100 tonnes of chicken meat, falling under those CN codes, coming from Brazil (Group 1) and to an annual quantity of 3300 tonnes of chicken meat coming from other non-member countries (Group 3).
5Article 1 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff (OJ 1987 L 256, p. 1) established a new goods nomenclature called the ‘combined nomenclature’ or, in abbreviated form, ‘CN’. The combined nomenclature appears in Annex I to that regulation, in which the rates of duty applicable and other required information are also fixed.
6Commission Regulation (EC) No 1359/95 of 13 June 1995 (OJ 1995 L 142, p. 1) amended Annexes I and II to Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 and repealed Regulation (EEC) No 802/80. In accordance with Article 3 of Regulation No 1359/95, it entered into force on 1 July 1995.
7In its version thus amended, the combined nomenclature contained, in Part Three ‘Tariff Annexes’, Section III ‘Quotas’, an Annex 7 headed ‘WTO tariff quotas to be opened by the competent Community authorities’. The following appears under Order No 18 in that annex:Order No | CN code | Description | Quota quantity | Rate of duty (%) | Other terms and conditions1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...18 | | Cuts of fowls of the species | 15500 t | 0 || | Gallus domesticus, frozen: | | || 02074110 | Boneless | | || 02074141 | Breasts and cuts there | | || 02074171 | of Other | | |
8Article 220(2)(b) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 of 12 October 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code (OJ 1992 L 302, p. 1, ‘the CCC’) provides:2. ... subsequent entry in the accounts shall not occur where...(b) the amount of duty legally owed failed to be entered in the accounts as a result of an error on the part of the customs authorities which could not reasonably have been detected by the person liable for payment, the latter for his part having acted in good faith and complied with all the provisions laid down by the legislation in force as regards the customs declaration’.
9Under Article 871 of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2454/93 of 2 July 1993 laying down provisions for the implementation of Regulation No 2913/92 (OJ 1993 L 253, p. 1):‘... where the customs authorities either consider that the conditions laid down in Article 220(2)(b) of the Code are fulfilled or are in doubt as to the precise scope of the criteria of that provision with regard to a particular case, those authorities shall submit the case to the Commission, so that a decision may be taken in accordance with the procedure laid down in Articles 872 to 876.’
10Under Article 873 of that regulation:‘After consulting a group of experts composed of representatives of all Member States, meeting within the framework of the Committee to consider the case in question, the Commission shall decide whether the circumstances under consideration are or are not such that the duties in question need not be entered in the accounts.’
Facts of the dispute
11The facts giving rise to the dispute are set out as follows in paragraphs 8 to 18 of the judgment under appeal:8 ... Biegi ... and Commonfood ... are German companies, linked with one another, operating in the poultrymeat trade. The [appellants] are among the main importers of [chicken meat] in Germany.9 By a decree of 29 June 1995 (known as “Eilverteiler”), the German Federal Minister of Finance amended the working tariff of the German customs authorities by inserting, inter alia, the tariff quota Κ 4047 (chicken meat) at zero duty as from 1 July 1995. That quota corresponds to CN codes 02074110, 02074141 and 02074171 referred to above. The Eilverteiler did not contain any indication as to the requirement of an import licence for the importation of products falling within the tariff quota abovementioned.10 During the period from 13 to 18 July 1995 and from 4 to 22 September 1995, Biegi declared the importation, in various consignments, of frozen chicken pieces (CN Code No 02074110) originating in Thailand. On 24 July 1995, Commonfood declared the importation, in various consignments, of frozen chicken pieces under the same CN Code originating in Thailand. The [appellants] did not attach import licences to their customs declarations.11 However, following the amendment of the German customs authorities' working tariff introduced by the Eilverteiler, the competent customs office used the Community tariff quota referred to above and allowed the [appellants] the benefit of exemption from customs duties.12 During August 1995, the [appellants], having had doubts as to the duties applied at the time of the customs clearance operations of July 1995, telephoned the Federal Ministry of Finance and the central service for monitoring tariff quotas, through the intermediary of their manager responsible for the management of import licences, in order to obtain clarifications as to the system applicable to imports of the products in question. Initially, the officials of whom enquiry was made stated by telephone that the duties applied were correct even without the presentation of an import licence in support of the customs declaration. The [appellants] then asked for confirmation of that information in writing.13 However, the written response of the German customs administration, sent to the [appellants] by letter of 22 August 1995, indicated that use of the quota required the presentation of an import licence in support of the customs declaration. On the same day, the Federal Minister for Finance amended the working tariff of the German customs authorities with retrospective effect. That amendment had the effect of making it necessary, as from 1 July 1995, to present an import licence when using the tariff quota in question.14 By two amending tax decisions, adopted on 12 and 13 August 1996, the competent customs office, namely the Hauptzollamt Bremen-Freihafen, then undertook post-clearance recovery of the import duties, totalling DEM 222116.06 in respect of Commonfood's imports (decision of 12 August 1996), and DEM 259270.23 in respect of Biegi's imports, of which DEM 218605.64 related to the imports of July 1995 and DEM 40664.59 to the imports of September 1995 (decision of 13 August 1996).15 Relying on their good faith, the error on the part of the German authorities and the fact that the latter was undiscoverable, the [appellants] claimed that the import duties should not be taken into account post-clearance.16 Their claims having been rejected by the competent customs office on 30 July 1997, the [appellants] referred the matter to the Finanzgericht Bremen (Germany). The minutes of the hearing of 14 December 1999 show that, after investigating the matter, that court took the view that Biegi's action had little chance of success in relation to its customs declarations of September 1995, as Biegi had been duly informed of the exact legal situation by the German customs administration's letter of 22 August 1995, referred to above. The Finanzgericht Bremen therefore recommended to Biegi that it should consider withdrawing its action in relation to those declarations. Regarding the customs declarations of July 1995, however, the court took the provisional view that it was possible to grant the [appellants] protection of their legitimate expectations for the purposes of Article 220(2) of the CCC, and suggested to the competent customs office that it find out whether it was possible to withdraw the amending tax decisions of 12 and 13 August 1996, referred to above, in relation to the declarations in question.17 Pursuant to Article 871 of Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2454/93 ... the Federal Republic of Germany asked the Commission, by letters of 2 August 2000 and 17 April 2001, to decide under Article 220(2)(b) of the CCC whether it would be justifiable to waive retrospective accounting for the import duties in the administration's disputes with Biegi and Commonfood.18 Taking the view that the circumstances did not reveal an error by the customs authorities themselves, not detectable by an operator acting in good faith within the meaning of Article 220(2)(b) of the CCC, the Commission decided, by decisions adopted on 14 August 2001 (Case T-309/01) and 5 March 2002 (Case T-239/02) ... that the import duties forming the subject-matter of the Federal Republic of Germany's requests, referred to above, should be taken into account.’
The actions before the Court of First Instance and the judgment under appeal
12By applications lodged at the Registry of the Court of First Instance on 12 December 2001 and 8 August 2002, the appellants brought actions for the annulment of the contested decisions.
13In support of their applications, they relied on three pleas in law: first, infringement of Article 220(2)(b) of the CCC; second, infringement of the principle of proportionality; and, third, infringement of the principles of sound administration and equal treatment.
14By the judgment under appeal — Cases T-309/01 and T-239/02 having been joined — the Court of First Instance dismissed the actions in their entirety, rejecting as unfounded all the appellants' pleas in law.
15On the first plea in law, the Court of First Instance considered, in paragraph 83 of the judgment under appeal, that the Commission had been right to take the view that the second of the cumulative conditions laid down by Article 220(2)(b) of the CCC, namely that the error of the customs authorities could not have been detected by experienced operators, had not been fulfilled in this case, and that making subsequent entry in the accounts of the import duties for the disputed imports had been justified.
16To reach that conclusion, the Court of First Instance, after recalling the case-law applicable, found, in paragraph 56 of the judgment under appeal, that it was common ground that two errors had been made by the German customs authorities, namely the issue of an erroneous version of the Eilverteiler and the clearance of the goods imported by the appellants in July 1995 with the granting of the tariff preference without presentation of an import licence.
17On the other hand, the Court of First Instance rejected the appellants' claim of a further error, consisting in the alleged communication to their manager Mr Steiner by an official of the central service for monitoring tariff quotas of inaccurate information over the telephone before 13 July 1995, that is, before the disputed imports. The Court found, in paragraphs 58 and 59 of the judgment under appeal, that, quite apart from its late production and the question of its relevance, which was disputed by the Commission, that telephone information was not in any way demonstrated by the documents in the case-file.
18The Court of First Instance then found that the rules applicable were not complex, observing in paragraph 63 of the judgment under appeal that it is clear from Article 1 of Regulation No 1431/94 that every importation carried out in the context of the long-term tariff quota at issue is subject to presentation of an import licence.
19The Court of First Instance observed, moreover, in paragraphs 65 to 67 of the judgment under appeal, that Regulation No 1359/95 introducing a new version of the combined nomenclature for goods applicable from 1 July 1995 set out, in Annex 7, a list of World Trade Organisation (WTO) tariff quotas to be granted by the competent Community authorities, and that the references in that list to other rules of customs law were of declaratory value only. Regulation No 1359/95 thus did not open from 1 July 1995 a new preferential tariff quota claiming to be separate from that of Regulation No 774/94, as amended by Regulation No 2198/95.
20The Court of First Instance also took into account that the competent customs authorities had not persisted in their error but corrected it within a very short period, namely a month after making it.
21The Court of First Instance further observed, in paragraphs 70 and 71 of the judgment under appeal, that the appellants fell into the category of experienced economic operators and had been aware of the importance of the import licence in order to qualify for the long-term tariff quota.
22Finally, to reach the conclusion that the appellants had not shown the care they should have shown, the Court of First Instance considered, in paragraph 75 of the judgment under appeal, that an economic operator whose business essentially consists of import and export transactions and who already has some experience in that field must, by reading the relevant issues of the Official Journal, acquaint himself with the Community law applicable to the transactions he undertakes. It concluded that such an operator cannot, in order to determine the applicable rate of duty, rely solely on the information in a national working tariff. The Court further considered, in paragraphs 76 to 81 of the judgment under appeal, that the appellants could also not rely on mere information over the telephone or claim not to have had the necessary time to write to the competent authorities to ask them to clarify the legal position concerned.
23In rejecting the second plea in law, the Court of First Instance held, in paragraph 88 of the judgment under appeal, that in this case, since the conditions for applying Article 220(2)(b) of the CCC were not met, the fact that the contested decisions made subsequent entry in the accounts of the duties in respect of the disputed imports could not in itself constitute an infringement of the principle of proportionality.
24In rejecting the third plea in law, the Court of First Instance considered, in paragraphs 93 and 96 of the judgment under appeal, that the claim of infringement of the principle of sound administration was not supported in any way, and that the claim of infringement of the principle of equal treatment was irrelevant, as the situations referred to by the appellants in support of that claim were not comparable.
Forms of order sought by the parties
25Biegi and Commonfood claim that the Court should:— set aside the judgment under appeal;— annul in part Commission Decision C(2001) 2533 of 14 August 2001 (REC 4/00), in so far as it finds that it is appropriate to make subsequent entry in the accounts of import duties amounting to DEM 218605.64;— annul Commission Decision C(2002) 857 of 5 March 2002 (REC 4/01) finding that it is appropriate to make subsequent entry in the accounts of import duties amounting to DEM 222116.06;— order the Commission to pay the costs.
26The Commission contends that the Court should:— dismiss the appeal;— order the appellants to pay the costs.
The appeal
27In support of their appeal, the appellants put forward two pleas in law, infringement of Article 220(2)(b) of the CCC and procedural error.
28The Commission argues that those pleas are inadmissible and, in the alternative, that they are unfounded.
Infringement of Article 220(2)(b) of the CCC
Arguments of the parties
29The appellants complain that the Court of First Instance, in dismissing their applications on the ground that the error of the customs authorities had been detectable by them, exaggerated the requirements of care on the part of economic operators and failed to appreciate the complexity of the applicable rules.
30According to the appellants, Article 220(2) (b) of the CCC must be interpreted, in accordance with the case-law of the Court, in the light of the purpose of that provision, which is to protect the legitimate expectation of the person liable that all the factors on which the decision whether or not to proceed with recovery of customs duties is based are correct (Case C-251/00 Ilumitrónica [2002] ECR I-10433, paragraph 39). While, according to the case-law, the character of the error depends on the complexity of the rules in question and the period of time during which the authorities persisted in their error, such a period constitutes only a mere indication, not a separate condition necessary for the error to be regarded as not detectable. In the present case, the error made by the two competent German departments was a consistent and repeated one. The complexity of the rules derives from the application of several sets of rules which combine without specifying clearly how, and reading the Official Journal of the European Communities is not sufficient to identify specifically the applicable law.
31The appellants submit that, at the time when they took their decisions, the Eilverteiler made no mention of any obligation to produce an import licence and referred to Regulation No 1359/95, the annex to which, under order number 18 concerning the new WTO tariff quotas concerned, did not contain any remarks in column 6, whereas for most other tariff quotas that column specified that qualification for those quotas was subject to the conditions laid down by the relevant Community provisions. It was that omission under order number 18 which led the competent German authorities and the appellants to conclude that the two tariff quotas for poultrymeat determined in the context of the agreements reached in the Uruguay Round of multilateral negotiations (1986-1994), concluded on behalf of the European Community, as regards matters within its competence, by Council Decision 94/800/EC of 22 December 1994 (OJ 1994 L 336, p. 1), were tariff quotas which were not subject to the production of import licences.
32In the appellants' view, the Court of First Instance erred in its assessment of the facts in regarding as short the period of nearly two months during which the highest German customs authorities were mistaken in their rule-making activity. That such authorities made that error suffices to show that it was not detectable by experienced operators, especially as it related to new tariff quotas which were not covered by earlier Community provisions.
33As to their obligations of care, the appellants submit that it was precisely their repeated questions to the various departments concerned, relating solely to the need to produce an import licence, which induced the customs authorities to correct the error in the Eilverteiler. As regards the Court of First Instance's assertion that the appellants had had enough time to write to the Commission, they refer to their observations made in the reply they submitted at first instance. They add that it is for the customs authorities of the Member States to implement customs law and that Article 220(2) of the CCC would be deprived of effect if undertakings had to apply to the Commission for information.
34According to the Commission, this first plea is inadmissible, since it constitutes essentially a mere repetition of the pleas and arguments submitted to the Court of First Instance or relates to points of fact. In so far as it relates to tenders of evidence which the Court of First Instance did not think it necessary to examine, the appeal concerns a point of fact and is really a mere repetition of the application. Such a repetition should also be noted as regards the argument in the appeal as to the complexity of the rules, the impossibility of detecting the customs authorities' errors in certain cases, and the undertakings' obligation of care. The complaint as to the incorrect assessment by the Court of First Instance of the circumstances which led it to regard as short the period during which the error had been made concerns an assessment of facts.
35The Commission submits, in the alternative, that the plea of infringement of Community law is unfounded. It points out that the Ilumitrónica judgment relied on by the appellants concerned an error of the Turkish authorities which continued for more than 20 years and legislation which was more complex, as it was scattered and predated the CCC. It also concerned the Agreement establishing an Association between the European Economic Community and Turkey, signed in Ankara on 12 September 1963 by the Republic of Turkey of the one part and the Member States of the EEC and the Community of the other part and concluded, approved and confirmed on behalf of the Community by Council Decision 64/732/EEC of 23 December 1963 (Journal Officiel 1964, 217, p. 3685), the relevant decisions of the Association Council established by that agreement not having been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities. There was no comparison between the complexity of that case and that of the present case.
36The Commission submits that it has not been shown that the error was not detectable, since the appellants do not substantiate their allegations that the German customs authorities on several occasions confirmed over the telephone that an import licence was not required. The complexity of the rules cannot be relied on in the present case, as the obligation to produce such a certificate in order to qualify for the tariff quotas, in existence for over a year at the time of the contested imports, could manifestly not be called into question by Regulation No 1359/95 relating merely to the tariff and statistical nomenclature. The references made by that regulation to other rules of customs law are only declaratory, and the absence of such references cannot possibly indicate that those rules are not applicable. The German working customs tariff constitutes merely a manual intended to facilitate work.
Assessment by the Court
—Admissibility of the first plea in law
37As regards the admissibility of this plea, it should be recalled, first, that according to settled case-law it follows from Article 225 EC, the first paragraph of Article 58 of the Statute of the Court of Justice and Article 112(l)(c) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice that an appeal must indicate precisely the contested elements of the judgment which the appellant seeks to have set aside and also the legal arguments specifically advanced in support of the appeal (see, inter alia, Case C-41/00 P Interporc ν Commission [2003] ECR I-2125, paragraph 15, and Case C-496/99 P Commission ν CAS Succhi di Frutta [2004] ECR I-3801, paragraph 48).
38An appeal which merely repeats or reproduces verbatim the pleas in law and arguments previously submitted to the Court of First Instance, including those based on facts expressly rejected by that Court, does not satisfy the requirements to state reasons under those provisions (see, inter alia, Interporc ν Commission, paragraph 16, and Commission ν CAS Succhi di Frutta, paragraph 49).
39However, provided that the appellant challenges the interpretation or application of Community law by the Court of First Instance, the points of law examined at first instance may be discussed again in the course of an appeal. Indeed, if an appellant could not thus base his appeal on pleas in law and arguments already relied on before the Court of First Instance, an appeal would be deprived of part of its purpose (see, inter alia, Interporc ν Commission, paragraph 17, and Commission ν CAS Succhi di Frutta, paragraph 50).
40It should be recalled, second, that it follows from Article 225 EC and Article 58 of the Statute of the Court of Justice that an appeal is limited to points of law. According to settled case-law, the Court of First Instance therefore has exclusive jurisdiction to find the facts, save where a substantive inaccuracy in its findings is attributable to the documents submitted to it, and to appraise those facts. That appraisal thus does not, save where the clear sense of the evidence has been distorted, constitute a point of law which is subject, as such, to review by the Court of Justice in an appeal (see, inter alia, Case C-136/92 P Commission ν Brazzelli Lualdi and Others [1994] ECR I-1981, paragraphs 47 to 49, and Case C-470/00 P Parliament ν Ripa di Meana and Others [2004] ECR I-4167, paragraph 40).
41However, it is settled law that, where the Court of First Instance has found or appraised the facts, the Court of Justice has jurisdiction, pursuant to Article 225 EC, to carry out a review of the legal classification of those facts and the legal inferences drawn from them by the Court of First Instance. As the Court of Justice has held on several occasions, such a classification is a question of law which, as such, may be subject to review by the Court of Justice in an appeal (see, inter alia, Case C-19/93 P Rendo and Others ν Commission [1995] ECR I-3319, paragraph 26, and Parliament ν Ripa di Meana and Others, paragraph 41).
42In the present case, Biegi and Commonfood submit that the Court of First Instance infringed Community law by holding that the errors on the part of the German customs authorities were detectable by the appellants. More particularly, they criticise the Court for having thereby exaggerated, in the implementation of Article 220(2)(b) of the CCC, as interpreted by the Court of Justice, the requirements of care of the economic operators concerned, and for having wrongly assessed the complexity of the customs rules in question.
43In those circumstances, the appellants contest the Court of First Instance's answer to a question of the legal classification of the facts, and thus submit a question of law to review by the Court of Justice.
44The first plea in law is therefore admissible.
—Merits of the first plea in law
45It should be noted to begin with, as the Court of First Instance observed in paragraph 56 of the judgment under appeal, that two errors on the part of the German customs authorities, namely the issue of an erroneous version of the Eilverteiler and the clearance of the goods imported by the appellants in July 1995 with the granting of the tariff preference without an import licence being presented are not disputed in the present case.
46Under Article 220(2)(b) of the CCC, the competent authorities are not to make subsequent entry in the accounts of import duties if three cumulative conditions are satisfied. First, the failure to collect the duties must have been due to an error by the competent authorities themselves; next, their error must be of such a kind that it could not reasonably have been detected by a person liable for payment acting in good faith; and, finally, that person must have complied with all the provisions laid down by the legislation in force as regards his customs declaration (see, by analogy, Case 161/88 Binder [1989] ECR 2415, paragraphs 15 and 16; Joined Cases C-153/94 and C-204/94 Faroe Seafood and Others [1996] ECR I-2465, paragraph 83; order in Case C-299/98 P CPL Imperial 2 and Unifrigo ν Commission [1999] ECR I-8683, paragraph 22; and order in Case C-30/00 William Hinton & Sons [2001] ECR I-7511, paragraphs 68, 69, 71 and 72).
47With respect to the second of those conditions, which is the only one at issue in the present appeal, it should be recalled that, according to settled case-law, whether an error of the competent customs authorities was detectable must be assessed having regard to the nature of the error, the professional experience of the operators concerned and the care which they exercised (Faroe Seafood and Others, paragraph 99, and Ilumitrónica, paragraph 54).
48As regards the nature of the error, it must be assessed in the light of the complexity or sufficient simplicity of the rules concerned (see Case C-187/91 Belovo [1992] ECR I-4937, paragraph 18, and Faroe Seafood and Others, paragraph 100) and the period of time during which the authorities persisted in their error (see Case C-38/95 Foods Import [1996] ECR I-6543, paragraph 30, and Ilumitrónica, paragraph 56).
49In the present case the Court of First Instance, in finding that the rules in question were not complex, relied in paragraph 63 of the judgment under appeal on the fact that the rules applicable to the use of the disputed Community tariff quota were defined by the enactments on the opening and management of that quota and the detailed rules for applying it, namely Regulation No 774/94, as amended by Regulation No 2198/95, and Regulation No 1431/94, Article 1 of which clearly provided that every importation into the Community carried out in the context of that long-term tariff quota was subject to presentation of an import licence.
50It should be noted, however, that by Regulation No 1359/95 the Commission published a new version of the combined nomenclature of goods applicable from 1 July 1995, Annex 7 to which sets out a list of the WTO tariff quotas to be granted by the competent Community authorities. Column 6, headed ‘Other terms and conditions’, of Annex 7, set out in paragraph 7 above, does not contain any remarks under order number 18 concerning the combined nomenclature of the goods at issue in the present case, whereas in the same column it is stated, with reference to other goods, that ‘Qualification for the quota is subject to conditions laid down in the relevant Community provisions’.
51It follows from the above, first, that for the first time from 1 July 1995 the combined nomenclature resulting from Regulation No 1359/95 showed separately the WTO tariff quotas to be granted by the competent Community authorities. That regulation, the third recital in the preamble to which stated that it was necessary to implement, with effect from 1 July 1995, certain tariff measures, in particular for agricultural products as defined within the framework of the Uruguay Round multilateral negotiations, could therefore appear to be opening, on that date, new tariff quotas distinct from those which had been opened as from 1 January 1994 by Regulation No 774/94. Moreover, it was only under Regulation No 2198/95 of 18 September 1995, subsequent to the importations at issue, that the actual tariff quotas relating to the goods which were the subject of those importations were opened retroactively from 1 July 1995.
52Second, having regard to the remarks made in respect of other goods, the absence of any other information in the new combined nomenclature on the conditions to which qualification for the quotas concerning the goods at issue in the present case was subject could also give the impression that use of the tariff quotas concerned was not subject to any condition.
53Finally, Regulation No 1359/95 did not contain any indication which could allow operators to consider that the information in the annexes to the regulation was of purely declaratory value.
54From those considerations, it must be concluded that Regulation No 1359/95 in itself contained an ambiguity as to the actual scope of the points in it concerning the WTO tariff quotas, in particular in so far as it referred to goods coming under CN codes 02074110, 02074141 and 02074171. In particular, the combination of the heading and the various remarks in column 6 of Annex 7 to that regulation created a situation which was not sufficiently simple for it to be easily detectable from an examination of them that, from 1 July 1995, use of the tariff quotas relating to those goods remained subject to the condition, laid down by Regulation No 1431/94, of producing an import licence. The rules applicable in the present case may thus objectively be described as complex (see, for example, Ilumitrónica, paragraph 57).
55That description thus follows directly from the content of Annex 7 to Regulation No 1359/95, which, only a few days before the import operations at issue, showed the WTO tariff quotas separately in the combined nomenclature for the first time. The experience of the operators concerned in the field of trade in the goods in question cannot thus be taken into account in the present case to consider that they could easily have detected the error in the Eilverteiler. That error was moreover committed by the highest German customs authorities themselves, who, when amending their working tariff to take account of Regulation No 1359/95, omitted to state that the importation of the goods covered by the above codes was subject to production of an import licence. That error was also not corrected until several weeks after the publication ofthat document, following the approaches made by the operators, in appropriate manner, to those authorities to make sure that their importation operations were in order. In that respect, those operators cannot be criticised for not having shown the care required of them on the ground that they did not apply in writing to the competent authorities before carrying out the importations at issue.
56It follows from all the foregoing that the Court of First Instance was wrong to consider that the errors on the part of the customs authorities were not of such a kind that they could not reasonably be detected by the appellants. The latter are therefore correct in submitting that the Court of First Instance erred in law by making such a classification and by holding as a consequence that the second of the cumulative conditions laid down by Article 220 (2) (b) of the CCC was not satisfied in the present case. The judgment under appeal must accordingly be set aside on that ground, without it being necessary to consider the appellants' other plea in law.
Substance
57In accordance with Article 61 of the Statute of the Court of Justice, since the state of the proceedings so permits, it is appropriate to give final judgment on the appellants' claim for annulment of the contested decisions.
58In the light of the above considerations, it must be concluded that, in order to justify, by the contested decisions, the subsequent entry in the accounts of import duties in the disputes between the appellants and the German customs administration, the Commission was wrong to consider that the circumstances of the cases did not disclose any error of the German customs authorities not detectable by an operator acting in good faith within the meaning of Article 220(2) (b) of the CCC.
59It follows that the appellants' plea of infringement of that article must be upheld. The contested decisions must therefore be annulled, without it being necessaiy to consider the other pleas in law.
Costs
60Under Article 69(2) of the Rules of Procedure, which applies to the procedure on appeal by virtue of Article 118, the unsuccessful party is to be ordered to pay the costs if they have been applied for in the successful party's pleadings. Since Biegi and Commonfood have applied for the Commission to be ordered to pay the costs and the Commission has been unsuccessful, it must be ordered to pay the costs.
Operative part
On those grounds, the Court (Sixth Chamber) hereby:
1.Sets aside the judgment of the Court of First Instance of the European Communities of 17 September 2003 in Joined Cases T-309/01 and T-239/02 Biegi Nahrungsmittel and Commonfood ν Commission;
2.Annuls Commission Decision C(2001) 2533 of 14 August 2001 (REC 4/00) in so far as it orders the subsequent entry in the accounts of import duties payable by Peter Biegi Nahrungsmittel GmbH in the amount of DEM 218605.64;
3.Annuls Commission Decision C(2002) 857 of 5 March 2002 (REC 4/01) ordering the subsequent entry in the accounts of import duties payable by Commonfood Handelsgesellschaft für Agrar-Produkte mbH in the amount of DEM 222116.06;
4.Orders the Commission of the European Communities to pay the costs.
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