70It must be added that the Court has held that a directive cannot of itself impose obligations on an individual and cannot therefore be relied upon as such against an individual (Case C-91/92 Faccini Dori [1994] ECR I-3325, paragraph 20, and Joined Cases C-397/01 to C-403/01 Pfeiffer and Others [2004] ECR I-8835, paragraph 108).
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