66Article 81(1) EC applies only to anticompetitive conduct engaged in by undertakings on their own initiative (Case 267/86 Van Eycke [1988] ECR 4769, paragraph 16; Joined Cases C-359/95 P and C-379/95 P Commission and France v Ladbroke Racing [1997] ECR I-6265, paragraph 33; and Case C-198/01 CIF [2003] ECR I-8055, paragraph 45).
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