33Those characteristics are as follows: VAT applies generally to transactions relating to goods or services; it is proportional to the price of those goods or services, whatever the number of transactions carried out; it is charged at each stage of the production and distribution process; and, finally, it is imposed on the added value of goods and services, since the tax payable on a transaction is calculated after deducting the tax paid on the previous transaction (see, in particular, Bergandi, paragraph 15; Case C-347/90 Bozzi [1992] ECR I-2947, paragraph 12; and Case C-130/96 Solisnor-Estaleiros Navais [1997] ECR I-5053, paragraph 14).
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