19That recital is formally reflected in Articles 3 and 4 of the directive. In paragraph 23 of its judgment in Case C-355/90 Commission v Spain [1993] ECR I-4221 (hereinafter ‘Santoña Marshes’) the Court pointed out that the first of those provisions imposes obligations of a general character, namely the obligation to ensure a sufficient diversity and area of habitats for all the birds referred to in the directive, while the second contains specific obligations with regard to the species of birds listed in Annex I and the migratory species not listed in that annex.
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